1. Site layout and construction sequence.
   
   
2. Site-specific erection plan
   
   
3. Hoisting and rigging.
   
   
4. Structural steel assembly.
   
   
5. Column anchorage.
   
   
6. Beams and columns.
   
   
7. Open web steel joists.
   
   
8. Systems-engineered metal buildings.
   
   
9. Falling object protection.
   
   
10. Fall protection.
    
    
11. Training.

1. Construction Safety and Health Standards
   
   
2. Federal Register, Vol. 66, No. 12, January 18, 2001
   
   
3. Federal Register, Vol. 66, No. 137, July 17, 2001
   
   
4. OSHA Instruction CPL 2.103
   
   
5. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

1. Responsible Office.
   
   
2. Action Offices.
   
   
3. Information Offices.

1. Component requirements
   
   
2. Column joist requirements in §1926.757(a)(3)
   
   
3. General Schedule Inspection Delay

1. §1926.750 Scope
   
   
2. §1926.751 Definitions
   
   
3. §1926.752 Site layout and construction sequence.
   
   
4. §1926.753 Hoisting and rigging.
   
   
5. §1926.754 Structural steel assembly and stability.
   
   
6. §1926.755 Column anchorage.
   
   
7. §1926.756 Beams and columns.
   
   
8. §1926.757 Open web steel joists.
   
   
9. §1926.758 Systems-engineered metal buildings.
   
   
10. §1926.759 Falling object protection
    
    
11. §1926.760 Fall protection
    
    
12. §1926.761 Training

1. During the opening conference with the controlling contractor
   
   
2. During the opening conference with the steel erector

1. SCOPE - §1926.750.
   
   
2. DEFINITIONS - §1926.751.
   
   
3. SITE LAYOUT, SITE-SPECIFIC ERECTION PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE - §1926.752.
   
   
4. HOISTING AND RIGGING - §1926.753.
   
   
5. STRUCTURAL STEEL ASSEMBLY - §1926.754.
   
   
6. COLUMN ANCHORAGE - §1926.755.
   
   
7. BEAMS AND COLUMNS - §1926.756.
   
   
8. OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS - §1926.757.
   
   
9. SYSTEMS-ENGINEERED METAL BUILDINGS - §1926.758.
   
   
10. FALLING OBJECT PROTECTION - §1926.759.
    
    
11. FALL PROTECTION - §1926.760.
    
    
12. TRAINING - §1926.761.

1. Site layout and construction sequence.
   
   
   1. Requires notification of proper curing of concrete in footings, piers, etc. for steel columns.
   2. Requires controlling contractor to provide erector with a safe site layout.
   
   
   
2. Site-specific erection plan.
   
   
   1. Requires pre-planning of key erection elements, including coordination with controlling contractor before erection begins, in certain circumstances.
   
   
   
3. Hoisting and rigging.
   
   
   1. Provides additional crane safety for steel erection.
   2. Minimizes employee exposure to overhead loads through pre-planning and work practice requirements.
   3. Prescribes proper procedure for multiple lifts (Christmas-treeing).
   
   
   
4. Structural steel assembly.
   
   
   1. Provides safer walking/working surfaces by eliminating tripping hazards and minimizing slips through new slip resistance requirements (effective July 18, 2006).
   2. Provides specific work practices regarding safely landing deck bundles and protecting against fall hazards from interior openings.
   
   
   
5. Column anchorage.
   
   
   1. Requires 4 anchor bolts per column along with other column stability requirements.
   2. Requires procedures to ensure adequacy of anchor bolts that have been modified in the field.
   
   
   
6. Beams and columns.
   
   
   1. Eliminates collapse hazards associated with making double connections at columns.
   
   
   
7. Open web steel joists.
   
   
   1. Erection bridging and attachment requirements to minimize risk of collapse of lightweight steel joists.
   2. Requirements for bridging terminus anchors, with illustrations and drawings in a non-mandatory appendix.
   3. Requirements addressing how to place loads on steel joists to minimize risk of collapse.
   
   
   
8. Systems-engineered metal buildings.
   
   
   1. Requirements to minimize collapse in the erection of these specialized structures.
   
   
   
9. Falling object protection.
   
   
   1. Performance provisions that address hazards of falling objects in steel erection.
   
   
   
10. Fall protection.
    
    
    1. Deckers in a Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ) and connectors must be protected at heights greater than two stories or 30 feet.
    2. Connectors between 15 feet and two stories or 30 feet must wear fall arrest or restraint equipment and be able to be tied off or be provided another means of fall protection. Deckers working between 15 feet and two stories or 30 feet may be protected by a CDZ.
    3. Requires fall protection for all others engaged in steel erection at heights greater than 15 feet.
    
    
    
11. Training.
    
    
    1. Requires qualified person to train exposed workers in fall protection.
    2. Requires qualified person to train exposed workers engaged in special, high risk activities.

1. Construction Safety and Health Standards, Subpart R, 29 CFR 1926.750-761 and Subpart M, 1926.502.
   
   
2. Federal Register, Vol. 66, No. 12, January 18, 2001, pages 5196-5280, Final Rule; Safety Standards for Steel Erection.
   
   
3. Federal Register, Vol. 66, No. 137, July 17, 2001, pages 37137-37139, Final Rule; Delay of Effective Date.
   
   
4. OSHA Instruction CPL 2.103, Field Inspection Reference Manual (FIRM)
   
   
5. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, Section 5(a)(1).

1. Responsible Office. Directorate of Construction (DOC)
   
   
2. Action Offices. Regional Offices, Area Offices, State Plan States
   
   
3. Information Offices. Information copies of this Instruction are provided to OSHA Directorate heads and the Solicitor of Labor (SOL)

NOTE: In order to effectively enforce safety and health standards, guidance to compliance staff is necessary. Although adoption of this instruction is not required, States are expected to have standards, enforcement policies and procedures which are at least as effective as those of Federal OSHA.

1. Component requirements. Component requirements are provisions that address the safety of certain structural members. These are provisions that: prohibit shear connectors on members before they are erected (§1926.754(c)(1)(i)); require all columns to be anchored by a minimum of 4 anchor bolts, which must meet specified strength requirements (§1926.755(a)) (there is a comparable requirement for systems-engineered metal buildings, §1926.758(b)); set requirements for double connections (§1926.756(c)(1)) (there is a comparable requirement for systems-engineered metal buildings §1926.758(e)); require column splices to be at a specified height and meet a strength requirement (§1926.756(d)); require perimeter columns to have holes or other devices for perimeter safety cables (§1926.756(e)); in some instances require a vertical stabilizer plate to stabilize steel joists (§1926.757(a)(1)(i)); require certain joists to be strong enough to allow one employee to release the hoisting cable without the need for erection bridging (§1926.757(a)(3)), and require certain joists to be fabricated to allow for field bolting during erection (§1926.757(a)(8)(i)).
   
   
   1. For building construction, the component requirements of the final rule will not be applied: (1) where the building permit was obtained prior to January 18, 2001, or (2) where steel erection began on or before September 16, 2001 (see volume 66 of the Federal Register, page 37137-37139).
      
      
   2. For bridge construction, the component requirements of the final rule will not be applied where: (1) the bridge project has a contract date before January 18, 2001; or (2) steel erection began on or before September 16, 2001.
   
   
   
2. Column joist requirements in §1926.757(a)(3).
   
   
   1. Until July 18, 2003, for all joists at or near columns that span 60 feet or less, employers will be considered to be in compliance with §1926.757(a)(3) if they erect these joists either by: (1) installing bridging or otherwise stabilizing the joist prior to releasing the hoisting cable, or (2) releasing the cable without having a worker on the joists. This will allow the joist industry the necessary time to develop joists that will meet the requirement.
   
   
   
3. General Schedule Inspection Delay
   
   
   1. The Agency will not conduct general schedule inspections of steel erection until March 18, 2002.

1. §1926.750 Scope of coverage for Subpart R, Steel Erection, Final Rule (§1926.750-761 and Appendices A-H).
   
   
   1. Defines what activities are always covered by Subpart R [§.750(b)(1)]
      
      
   2. Provides examples of job activities that are covered only when they occur during and as a part of steel erection [§.750(b)(2)]
      
      
   3. Lists specific activities that are not covered [§.750(a)]
      
      
   4. Defines the duties of the controlling contractor as including, but not limited to, the duties specified in §§1926.752(a) and (c), 1926.755(b)(2), 1926.759(b), and 1926.760(e). [§.750(c)]
   
   
   
2. §1926.751 Definitions.
   
   Key terms used throughout the standard are defined in this section.
   
   
3. §1926.752 Site layout and construction sequence.
   
   
   1. Prior to commencement of steel erection:
      
      
      1. Controlling contractor must ensure that the steel erector is provided with written notification that concrete has attained sufficient strength for steel erection activities [§.752(a)(1)]
         
         Note: The steel erector is prohibited from erecting steel until it receives written notification that the concrete has cured enough to support steel erection [§.752(b)]
         
         
      2. Controlling contractor must ensure that the steel erector is provided with written notification of any repairs, replacements and modifications to anchor bolts.[§.752(a)(2)] — requirements are also found in #167; .755(b)
         
         
      3. Controlling contractor must ensure that the worksite has adequate access and storage areas [§.752(c)]
         
         
      4. Hoisting operations must be pre-planned to reduce employee exposures to overhead loads [§.752(d)]
      
      
      
   2. Allows Site-specific erection plans as substitute for certain requirements (Appendix A contains sample plans) [§.752(e)].
      
      
      1. Safety latches on hooks activated [§.753(c)(5)]
         
         
      2. Setting joists 60'+ at/near columns in tandem [§.757(a)(4)]
         
         
      3. Landing decking on steel joists [§.757(e)(4)]
   
   
   
4. §1926.753 Hoisting and rigging.
   
   
   1. Crane safety: All provisions of §1926.550 apply to hoisting and rigging with the exception of §1926.550(g)(2). In addition, §1926.753(c) through (e) contain additional hoisting and rigging requirements. [§.753]
      
      
   2. Pre-shift inspection requirements
      
      
      1. Pre-shift inspection must be done by a competent person [§.753(c)]
      2. Qualified rigger (rigger who is also a qualified person) must inspect the rigging prior to each shift. [§.753(c)(2)]
      
      
      
   3. Responsibilities during crane operations
      
      
      1. Safety latches on hooks may not be deactivated unless a qualified rigger determines it is safer to place purlins and joists without them, or equivalent protection is provided in a site specific erection plan [§.753(c)(5)]
      2. The standard allows employees engaged in initial steel erection or hooking/unhooking to work under loads in some specific instances. When that occurs, the load must be rigged by a qualified rigger [§.753(d)]
      3. Operators are responsible for operations under their control and have the authority to stop and refuse to handle loads until safety has been assured [§.753(c)(2)(iv)]
      
      
      
   4. Rules for crane operations
      
      
      1. Prohibits the use of cranes to hoist personnel unless all provisions of §1926.550 are met except §1926.550(g)(2) [§.753(c)(4)]
      2. When employees work under loads (allowed in specified instances), requirements in this section must be followed [§.753(d)]
      3. Multiple lift rigging ("Christmas Treeing") is permitted as long as the requirements in this section are met [§.753(e)]
   
   
   
5. §1926.754 Structural steel assembly and stability.
   
   
   1. Stability requirements
      
      
      1. Structural stability must be maintained at all times during the erection process [§.754(a)]. This section contains a number of specific requirements for stability (Note: Requirement for four anchor bolts found in §1926.755(a)(1))
      2. Additional requirements for multi-story structures [§.754(b)]
      3. Requirements applicable when plumbing up [§.754(d)]
      
      
      
   2. Decking requirements
      
      
      1. Requirements for hoisting, landing, and placing metal decking [§.754(e)(1)]
      2. Requirements for installing metal decking at roof and floor holes/openings [§.754(e)(2)]
      
      
      
   3. Other requirements
      
      
      1. Requirements for skeletal steel walking surfaces [§.754(c)] (NOTE: These do not go into effect until July 18, 2006).
   
   
   
6. §1926.755 Column anchorage.
   
   
   1. General requirements for stability
      
      
      1. Minimum of 4 anchor bolts required on columns [§.755(a)(1)]
         
      2. Requirement to withstand 300 pound load [§.755(a)(2)]
         
      3. All columns must be evaluated by competent person [§.755(a)(4)]
      
      
      
   2. Repair, replacement, or field modification of anchor rods/bolts
      
      
      1. Approval required by the project structural engineer [§.755(b)(1)]
         
      2. Written notification to steel erector [§.755(b)(2)]
   
   
   
7. §1926.756 Beams and columns.
   
   
   1. This section of the standard focuses on increasing safety for employees involved in connecting solid web beams and columns.
      
      
      1. Requires that solid web structural members remain attached to the hoisting line until members are secured with at least two bolts per connection drawn up wrench tight [§.756(a)(1)]
         
      2. Competent person shall determine if more than two bolts are necessary to ensure the stability of cantilevered members [§.756(a)(2)]
         
      3. Solid web structural members used as diagonal bracing shall be secured by at least one bolt per connection drawn up wrench tight [§.756(b)]
         
      4. Requires that one wrench-tight bolt or a seat (or seat equivalent) secure the first member and column throughout the entire double connection process [§.756(c)]
         
      5. Requires column splices to be designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 pounds (136.3 kg) [§.756(d)]
         
      6. Sets requirements for the erection of perimeter columns [§.756(e)]
   
   
   
8. §1926.757 Open web steel joists.
   
   
   1. This section focuses on increasing safety for employees involved in connecting open web steel joists. (Some requirements may be modified through a site-specific erection plan [§§.757(a)(4) and .757(e)(4)])
      
      
      1. Requirements for stabilizing steel joists and girders before releasing hoisting cables [§.757(a)]
      2. Requirements for attaching steel joists and steel joist girders (includes requirements for "K," "LH," and "DLH" series steel joists) [§.757(b)]
      3. Requirements for the erection of steel joists (short span and long span) [§.757(c)]
      4. Requirements for the erection of erection bridging (short span and long span) [§.757(d)]
      5. Requirements for landing and placing loads on joists [§.757(e)]
   
   
   
9. §1926.758 Systems-engineered metal buildings.
   
   
   1. All the requirements of the standard apply to the erection of systems-engineered metal buildings except §1926.755 (column anchorage) and §1926.757 (open web steel joist). In addition:
      
      
      1. All columns are to have a minimum of four anchor rods/bolts [§.758(b)]
      2. The rigid frames must have 50$ of their bolts or the number specified by manufacturer (whichever is greater) installed and tightened before the hoisting equipment is released [§.758(c)]
      3. Construction loads prohibited unless the framework is adequately secured [§.758(d)]
      4. Requirements for girt and eave-to-strut connections [§.758(e)]
      5. Steel joists must be secured before releasing hoisting cables, allowing employees on the joist, or placing construction loads on the joists. [§.758(f)]
      6. Purlins and girts are not to be used as anchorages for fall arrest systems unless written approval is obtained from a qualified person [§.758(g)]
      7. Only after permanent bridging has been installed and fall protection provided can purlins be used as a walking/working surface when installing safety systems [§.758(h)]
      8. Limitations on placing construction loads on joists [§.758(i)]
   
   
   
10. §1926.759 Falling object protection
    
    
    1. All materials, equipment, and tools that are not being used must be secured against accidental displacement [§.759(a)]
       
       
    2. The controlling contractor must bar other construction processes below steel erection unless overhead protection is provided for the employees working below [§.759(b)]
    
    
    
11. §1926.760 Fall protection
    
    
    1. All employees must be protected at 15 feet, except for deckers in controlled decking zones and connectors [§.760(a)]
       
       
    2. Exception for connectors — protected at 30 feet or two stories, whichever is less [§.760(b)]
       
       
    3. Controlled decking zone requirements [§.760(c)]
       
       
    4. Exception for deckers in controlled decking zones - protected at 30 feet or two stories above lower deck, whichever is less [§.760(c)(1)]
       
       
    5. Criteria for fall protection [§.760(d)]
       
       
    6. Responsibility of controlling contractors to choose whether to accept responsibility for fall protection equipment [§.760(e)]
    
    
    
12. §1926.761 Training.
    
    
    1. Requirements found in this section supplement those found in §1926.21
       
       
    2. Training conducted by qualified person(s) [§.761(a)]
       
       
    3. Requirements that must be included in training [§.761(b)]
       
       
    4. Special training programs required for multiple lift rigging, connectors, and controlled decking zones [§.761(c)(1) through (3)(ii)]

NOTE On Effective Date: See Steel Erection Delay Notice (Federal Register #66 pages 37137-37139) to determine if component requirements of the new standard are in effect for a particular project. A number of provisions in the final rule address the safety of certain structural components. These provisions ("component requirements") contain requirements for these components to help ensure that the structure can be erected safely. There are provisions that: prohibit shear connectors on members before they are erected (§1926.754(c)(1)(i)); require all columns to be anchored by a minimum of 4 anchor bolts, which must meet specified strength requirements (§1926.755(a)) (there is a comparable requirement for systems-engineered metal buildings, §1926.758(b)); set requirements for double connections (§1926.756(c)(1)) (there is a comparable requirement for systems-engineered metal buildings §1926.758(e)); require column splices to be at a specified height and meet a strength requirement (§1926.756(d)); require perimeter columns to have holes or other devices for perimeter safety cables (§1926.756(e)); in some instances require a vertical stabilizer plate to stabilize steel joists (§1926.757(a)(1)(i)); require certain joists to be strong enough to allow one employee to release the hoisting cable without the need for erection bridging (§1926.757(a)(3)), and require certain joists to be fabricated to allow for field bolting during erection (§1926.757(a)(8)(i)).

1. For building construction, the component requirements of the final rule will not be applied: (1) where the building permit was obtained prior to January 18, 2001, or (2) where steel erection began on or before September 16, 2001 (see volume 66 of the Federal Register, page 37137-37139).
   
   
2. For bridge construction, the component requirements of the final rule will not be applied where: (1) the bridge project has a contract date before January 18, 2001; or (2) steel erection began on or before September 16, 2001.

1. During the opening conference with the controlling contractor, consider doing the following:
   
   
   1. Obtain a copy of the blueprints and consult with someone knowledgeable in blueprint reading (engineer). Note the name of the structural engineer of record from the blueprints.
      
      
   2. Find out when the steel erection began and on what date they obtained the permits for the job. (This information will only be important during the first few months after the standard becomes effective.)
      
      
   3. Ask for a copy of the written notification to the steel erector that the concrete in the footings, piers and walls and the mortar in the masonry piers and walls has attained the required strength [.752(a)(1)]. You will also want to find out when the concrete was poured, how long after the pour they waited before allowing steel erection to begin, and what compressive strength of concrete was required.
      
      
   4. Ask if there have been any changes to anchor bolts. Ask for a copy of the written notifications of repairs/replacements/modifications.
      
      
   5. Determine if, prior to the erection of columns, they provided written notification to the steel erector if any repairs, replacements and modifications to the anchor bolts were conducted. [§§.752(a)(2) and .755(b)]. Were these repairs, replacements and modifications performed with approval of the project structural engineer of record? If so, obtain a copy.
      
      
   6. Was the fall protection provided by the steel erector left in the area where steel erection activity has been completed for use by other trades?
      
      
      1. If yes, ask the following: Did you or your authorized representative direct the steel erector to leave the fall protection in place? Have you or your authorized representative inspected and accepted control and responsibility of the fall protection prior to authorizing persons other than steel erectors to work in the area? (the answer to both of these questions must be yes to be in compliance with §1926.760(e))
      2. If no, the controlling contractor is not required to take any further action with regard to this section.
   
   
   
2. During the opening conference with the steel erector, consider doing the following:
   
   
   1. Determine if they are using open web joists (also known as bar joists).
      
      
   2. Determine the current stage of the erection process.
      
      
   3. Ask for a copy of the lift procedure (if kept).
      
      
   4. Determine who is the competent person and qualified rigger.
      
      
   5. Determine if they are using a site specific steel erection plan (a plan is only required in some circumstances. See Chapter 2, Section I, Paragraph C).

1. SCOPE - §1926.750.
   
   
   1. Subpart R does NOT cover - precast concrete, electrical transmission towers, communication and broadcast towers, or tanks. NOTE on tanks: a tank is defined as a container for holding gases, liquids, or solids. Subpart R does apply to the construction of the steel structure that supports a tank. Construction of the tank would be covered under Subpart E - 1926.105.
      
      
   2. The CSHO must initially determine if the activity being inspected is covered by Subpart R. The first question to ask: Is this activity listed in §1926.750(b)(1)? If so, then it is covered by the standard.
      
      
   3. If the activity is listed only in §1926.750(b)(2), then you must determine if it is going on in conjunction with ("during and [is] a part of") steel erection activities listed in §1926.750(b)(1). A question also to ask: Does this (b)(2) activity have to be done for the steel erection to continue? The following flow chart may help:
      
      
   
   
   NOTE: Paragraph .750(b)(2) lists a number of activities that are covered by subpart R when they occur during and are a part of the steel erection activities described in paragraph (b)(1). Paragraph (b)(2) explicitly states that coverage depends on whether an activity occurs during and is a part of steel erection. For example, there are standing seam metal roofing systems that incorporate a layer of insulation under the metal roof. In the installation process, a row of insulation is installed, which is then covered by a row of metal roofing. Once that row of roofing is attached, the process is repeated, row by row, until the roof is completed. The installation of the row of insulation is a part of the installation of the metal roofing (which is steel erection), and so the installation of the insulation is covered by Subpart R.
   
   
2. DEFINITIONS - §1926.751.
   
   The following definitions, which are in the standard, should be helpful when conducting the walk around inspection (see photos in Chapter 5):
   
   
   1. Anchored bridging means that the steel joist bridging is connected to a bridging terminus point.
      
      
   2. Bolted diagonal bridging means diagonal bridging that is bolted to a steel joist or joists.
      
      
   3. Bridging clip means a device that is attached to the steel joist to allow the bolting of the bridging to the steel joist.
      
      
   4. Bridging terminus point means a wall, a beam, tandem joists (with all bridging installed and a horizontal truss in the plane of the top chord) or other element at an end or intermediate point(s) of a line of bridging that provides an anchor point for the steel joist bridging.
      
      
   5. Choker means a wire rope or synthetic fiber rigging assembly that is used to attach a load to a hoisting device.
      
      
   6. Cold forming means the process of using press brakes, rolls, or other methods to shape steel into desired cross sections at room temperature.
      
      
   7. Column means a load-carrying vertical member that is part of the primary skeletal framing system. Columns do not include posts.
      
      
   8. Competent person (also defined in §1926.32) means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
      
      
   9. Connector means an employee who, working with hoisting equipment, is placing and connecting structural members and/or components.
      
      
   10. Constructibility means the ability to erect structural steel members in accordance with Subpart R without having to alter the overall structural design.
       
       
   11. Construction load (for joist erection) means any load other than the weight of the employee(s), the joists and the bridging bundle.
       
       
   12. Controlled decking zone (CDZ) means an area in which certain work (for example, initial installation and placement of metal decking) may take place without the use of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, fall restraint systems, or safety net systems and where access to the zone is controlled.
       
       
   13. Controlled load lowering means lowering a load by means of a mechanical hoist drum device that allows a hoisted load to be lowered with maximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components of the hoist mechanism. Controlled load lowering requires the use of the hoist drive motor, rather than the load hoist brake, to lower the load.
       
       
   14. Controlling contractor means a prime contractor, general contractor, construction manager or any other legal entity which has the overall responsibility for the construction of the project -- its planning, quality and completion.
       
       
   15. Critical lift means a lift that (1) exceeds 75 percent of the rated capacity of the crane or derrick, or (2) requires the use of more than one crane or derrick.
       
       
   16. Decking hole means a gap or void more than 2 inches (5.1 cm) in its least dimension and less than 12 inches (30.5 cm) in its greatest dimension in a floor, roof or other walking/working surface. Pre-engineered holes in cellular decking (for wires, cables, etc.) are not included in this definition.
       
       
   17. Derrick floor means an elevated floor of a building or structure that has been designated to receive hoisted pieces of steel prior to final placement.
       
       
   18. Double connection means an attachment method where the connection point is intended for two pieces of steel which share common bolts on either side of a central piece.
       
       
   19. Double connection seat means a structural attachment that, during the installation of a double connection, supports the first member while the second member is connected.
       
       
   20. Erection bridging means the bolted diagonal bridging that is required to be installed prior to releasing the hoisting cables from the steel joists.
       
       
   21. Fall restraint system means a fall protection system that prevents the user from falling any distance. The system is comprised of either a body belt or body harness, along with an anchorage, connectors and other necessary equipment. The other components typically include a lanyard, and may also include a lifeline and other devices.
       
       
   22. Final interior perimeter means the perimeter of a large permanent open space within a building such as an atrium or courtyard. This does not include openings for stairways, elevator shafts, etc.
       
       
   23. Girt (in systems-engineered metal buildings) means a "Z" or "C" shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning between primary framing and supporting wall material.
       
       
   24. Headache ball means a weighted hook that is used to attach loads to the hoist load line of the crane.
       
       
   25. Hoisting equipment means commercially manufactured lifting equipment designed to lift and position a load of known weight to a location at some known elevation and horizontal distance from the equipment's center of rotation. "Hoisting equipment" includes but is not limited to cranes, derricks, tower cranes, barge-mounted derricks or cranes, gin poles and gantry hoist systems. A "come-a-long" (a mechanical device, usually consisting of a chain or cable attached at each end, that is used to facilitate movement of materials through leverage) is not considered "hoisting equipment."
       
       
   26. Leading edge means the unprotected side and edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other walking/working surface (such as deck) which changes location as additional floor, roof, decking or formwork sections are placed, formed or constructed.
       
       
   27. Metal decking means a commercially manufactured, structural grade, cold rolled metal panel formed into a series of parallel ribs; for this subpart, this includes metal floor and roof decks, standing seam metal roofs, other metal roof systems and other products such as bar gratings, checker plate, expanded metal panels, and similar products. After installation and proper fastening, these decking materials serve a combination of functions including, but not limited to: a structural element designed in combination with the structure to resist, distribute and transfer loads, stiffen the structure and provide a diaphragm action; a walking/working surface; a form for concrete slabs; a support for roofing systems; and a finished floor or roof.
       
       
   28. Multiple lift rigging means a rigging assembly manufactured by wire rope rigging suppliers that facilitates the attachment of up to five independent loads to the hoist rigging of a crane (Note: Under §1926.753(e)(2), components from several manufacturers may be assembled by a qualified rigger. See Question and Answer #18).
       
       
   29. Opening means a gap or void 12 inches (30.5 cm) or more in its least dimension in a floor, roof or other walking/working surface. For the purposes of this subpart, skylights and smoke domes that do not meet the strength requirements of §1926.754(e)(3) shall be regarded as openings (Note: The definition of "opening" in subpart R is different than the definition of "opening" in subpart M).
       
       
   30. Permanent floor means a structurally completed floor at any level or elevation (including slab on grade).
       
       
   31. Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. A personal fall arrest system consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combination of these. The use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited.
       
       
   32. Positioning device means a body belt or body harness rigged to allow an employee to be supported on an elevated, vertical surface, such as a wall or column and work with both hands free while leaning.
       
       
   33. Post means a structural member with a longitudinal axis that is essentially vertical, that: (1) weighs 300 pounds or less and is axially loaded (a load presses down on the top end), or (2) is not axially loaded, but is laterally restrained by the above member. Posts typically support stair landings, wall framing, mezzanines and other substructures.
       
       
   34. Project structural engineer of record means the registered, licensed professional responsible for the design of structural steel framing and whose seal appears on the structural contract documents.
       
       
   35. Purlin (in systems-engineered metal buildings) means a "Z" or "C" shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning between primary framing and supporting roof material.
       
       
   36. Qualified person (also defined in §1926.32) means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
       
       
   37. Safety deck attachment means an initial attachment that is used to secure an initially placed sheet of decking to keep proper alignment and bearing with structural support members.
       
       
   38. Shear connector means headed steel studs, steel bars, steel lugs, and similar devices which are attached to a structural member for the purpose of achieving composite action with concrete.
       
       
   39. Steel erection means the construction, alteration or repair of steel buildings, bridges and other structures, including the installation of metal decking and all planking used during the process of erection.
       
       
   40. Steel joist means an open web, secondary load-carrying member of 144 feet (43.9 m) or less, designed by the manufacturer, used for the support of floors and roofs. This does not include structural steel trusses or cold-formed joists.
       
       
   41. Steel joist girder means an open web, primary load-carrying member, designed by the manufacturer, used for the support of floors and roofs. This does not include structural steel trusses.
       
       
   42. Steel truss means an open web member designed of structural steel components by the project structural engineer of record. For the purposes of this subpart, a steel truss is considered equivalent to a solid web structural member.
       
       
   43. Structural steel means a steel member, or a member made of a substitute material (such as, but not limited to, fiberglass, aluminum or composite members). These members include, but are not limited to, steel joists, joist girders, purlins, columns, beams, trusses, splices, seats, metal decking, girts, and all bridging, and cold formed metal framing which is integrated with the structural steel framing of a building.
       
       
   44. Systems-engineered metal building means a metal, field-assembled building system consisting of framing, roof and wall coverings. Typically, many of these components are cold-formed shapes. These individual parts are fabricated in one or more manufacturing facilities and shipped to the job site for assembly into the final structure. The engineering design of the system is normally the responsibility of the systems-engineered metal building manufacturer.
       
       
   45. Tank means a container for holding gases, liquids or solids.
       
       
   46. Unprotected sides and edges means any side or edge (except at entrances to points of access) of a walking/working surface, for example a, floor, roof, ramp or runway, where there is no wall or guardrail system at least 39 inches (1.0 m) high.
   
   
   
3. SITE LAYOUT, SITE-SPECIFIC ERECTION PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE - §1926.752.
   
   This section of the standard sets forth OSHA's requirements for communication between the controlling contractor and the steel erector prior to the beginning of steel erection, and pre-planning by the steel erector to minimize overhead exposure during hoisting operations.
   
   
   1. During an inspection, visually determine the following:
      
      
      1. Did the controlling contractor provide adequate road access on the site for the delivery and movement of derricks, cranes, trucks, steel erection materials and other equipment? (Note: This requirement does not apply to roads outside of the construction site.) [§.752(c)(1)]
      2. Did the controlling contractor provide means and methods for pedestrian and vehicular control? [§.752(c)(1)]
      3. Did the controlling contractor provide a firm, properly graded, drained area, readily accessible to the work with adequate space for the safe storage of materials and safe operation of the erectors' equipment? [§.752(c)(2)]
      4. Did the controlling contractor either bar other construction processes below steel erection or provide overhead protection for the employees below? (This relates only to protection from falling objects other than materials being hoisted.) [§.759(b)]
      
      
      
   2. Site-specific erection plan [§.752(e)]. A site-specific erection plan is required only when the contractor has decided to use alternative means to protect employees from three specific hazards:
      
      
      1. When safety latches on hooks are being deactivated or made inoperable. [§.753(c)(5)]
      2. When joists (which span more than 60 feet) at or near columns are not being set in tandem with all bridging installed. [§.757(a)(4)]
      3. When bundles of decking are being placed on steel joists before all bridging has been installed and anchored and all joist bearing ends attached. [§.757(e)(4)]
      
      
      
   3. If it is determined that any of the above three conditions exist, a site-specific erection plan is required. The employer may use Appendix A as a framework for the plan. Methods for providing alternative worker protection from the above three conditions must be specified in the plan.
      
      
   4. Determine if there is a plan available at the site. (Note: The plan does not need to be in writing - only §1926.757(e)(4)) requires a written plan.
   
   
   
4. HOISTING AND RIGGING - §1926.753.
   
   The requirements of §1926.753 supplement the existing crane and rigging standards in §1926.251 and §1926.550. The requirements of Subpart R cover every type of crane. All the provisions of §1926.550 apply to hoisting and rigging with the exception of §1926.550(g)(2).
   
   
   1. Questions to ask the steel erector:
      
      
      1. Who is the qualified rigger?
      2. Did they do a pre-shift inspection of the rigging?
      3. Who is the competent person assigned to inspect the crane?
      
      
      
   2. Questions to ask the crane operator and/or qualified rigger:
      
      
      1. Do they have load charts, operator manual or riggers' handbook?
      2. Has the heaviest anticipated lift been calculated?
         (Note: See the June 1994 booklet "Mobile Crane Inspection Guidelines for OSHA Compliance Officers")
      
      
      
   3. Paragraph(c)(2) requires the qualified rigger inspect the below-hook rigging before each shift. Section 1926.251 inspection procedures will be applied for each type of rigging equipment to be used during the shift. In addition, paragraph (c)(5)(i) allows the safety latch on hoisting hooks to be deactivated when the qualified rigger makes a determination that it is safer for the connectors during the placement of purlins and single joists (Note that a safety latch is required to be used only where: (1) the manufacturer has equipped the hook with a latch, or (2) when working under suspended loads pursuant to §1926.753(d)).
      
      
      1. Observe hooks with deactivated safety latches for anything other than single joists or purlins.
      2. Refer to the site-specific erection plan for equivalent protection.
      3. Talk to the qualified rigger.
      
      
      
   4. Paragraph (d) addresses the hazards associated with overhead loads. Specifically, these hazards include failure of the lifting device, which would create a crushing hazard, and items falling from the load, which creates a struck-by and crushing hazard, among others. Given the nature of the loads used in steel erection, either of these events could result in serious injury or death.
      
      
      1. See if employees are exposed to overhead loads. If you see employees working under loads, determine if the route was pre-planned (and exposure minimized) by interviewing the competent person, crane operator, etc. (The exception being connectors doing initial connection; or riggers hooking or unhooking of the load. These employees may work under the load.)
      
      
      
   5. MULTIPLE LIFT RIGGING PROCEDURE (MLRP).
      
      Paragraph (e)(1) lists the prerequisite conditions for multiple lift procedures (MLRP assembly, maximum of 5 pieces of steel per lift, only beams or similar structural members allowed, only by specifically trained employees, and the crane manufacturer must allow.)
      
      
      1. If the steel erector is performing multiple-lifts:
         
         (1) Request a copy of their multiple-lift procedure (if kept).
         (2) Determine the number of pieces being lifted (no more than 5 are allowed).
         (3) Check for certification of the rigging assembly from the qualified rigger (whether a manufacturer supplied rigging or the qualified rigger assembled it) and inspect the rigging equipment.
         (4) Review the rigging chart and calculate the total load.
         (5) Check the crane for controlled load lowering capability.
         (6) Assure that the rigging is 7 feet or more apart.
         
         
      2. The MLRP rigging assembly must be specifically designed for the structural steel members to be lifted. The design must incorporate the maximum anticipated load for each component part as it will be used in the assembly.
         
         
      3. On a manufacturer-assembled rig, check for a tag or other means to specify the limits of the rig.
         
         
      4. On a qualified rigger-assembled rig, check that the qualified rigger certified the maximum loading of the assembly and its component parts.
   
   
   
5. STRUCTURAL STEEL ASSEMBLY - §1926.754.
   
   
   1. Paragraph (a): This paragraph requires that structural stability be maintained throughout the structural steel erection process. While guy wires (steel cable) are not specifically required, they are often used for this purpose. (See also §.755(a)(4)). These guy wires may also be used to plumb the building and add support to resist wind conditions.
      
      
      1. Look for guying and bracing and see if any apparent problems exist.
      
      
      
   2. Paragraph (c)(1): Shear connectors and similar devices. The standard requires that, where used, shear connectors must be field-installed rather than shop-installed.
      
      
      1. Check steel beams for shear connectors. There should not be any shear connectors on beams without the decking or other walking/working surface in place, unless conventional fall protection is used (see Q & A # 25).
      2. Ask the steel erector if they field-install shear connectors and what procedures are followed.
      
      
      
   3. Paragraph (c)(3): THIS PROVISION ONLY APPLIES AFTER JULY 18, 2006. Once in effect, this will require documented or certified slip resistance of any painted or coated structural steel that an employee would walk on.
      
      
      1. After July 18, 2006, observe the following conditions: Does the site have any painted or coated steel? If so, ask the steel erector for documentation or certification of slip resistance. This would probably be something the steel erector would obtain from the steel fabricator and/or paint manufacturer certifying the slip resistance of the paint.
      
      
      
   4. Paragraph (d)(1): Plumbing-up.
      
      
      1. Look for plumbing-up equipment. Guy wires (steel cable) and turnbuckles are generally used to plumb structures. Check for proper installation -- see if the wire rope components (U clips) were installed according to the manufacturers' requirements.
      
      
      
   5. Paragraph (e)(1)(i) (general prohibition against using bundle packaging and strapping for hoisting): This hazard usually occurs while unloading trucks, when the metal decking bundles are tightly packed together and the rigging is difficult to attach and the end of the bundle is lifted with the bundles banding straps.
      
      
      1. Ask the steel erector or observe if these straps are marked as approved for lifting.
      
      
      
   6. Paragraph (e)(1)(iii)-(iv)(requirements for landing metal decking bundles). Generally, the competent person (foreman) will layout specific locations for the placement of bundles of decking for the ease of installation.
      
      
      1. Look for metal decking landed on joists. Climb the ladder and ensure that bridging is installed and all joist ends are attached. Check the placement of the decking bundles. Refer to §1926.757(e)(4) for specific requirements.
         
         
      2. Look for metal decking landed on solid web framing members. Check placement and support of bundles.
      
      
      
   7. Paragraph (e)(2): Roof and floor holes and openings.
      
      
      1. Look for any "decking holes" and "openings" on the site. Framed openings in metal decking must have structural members turned down. Any openings (as defined in the standard) that do exist because of constructibility or design constraints must be covered or employees protected by fall protection [.760(a)(1)].
      
      
      
   8. Paragraph (e)(3): Covers for roof and floor openings. Look for any covers on the site. If covers exist:
      
      
      1. Are they secured?
      2. Are they painted, or marked visibly with "HOLE" or "COVER"?
   
   
   
6. COLUMN ANCHORAGE - §1926.755.
   
   
   1. Paragraph (a) contains requirements to ensure that columns remain stable during the erection process.
      
      
   2. Paragraph (a)(1) requires 4 anchor rods/bolts on all columns. However, this requirement does not include posts. The standard defines these terms as follows: A column is a load-carrying vertical member that is part of the primary skeletal framing system. A post is a structural member with a longitudinal axis that is essentially vertical, that: (1) is axially loaded (a load presses down on the top end) and weighs 300 pounds or less, or (2) is not axially loaded, but is laterally restrained by the above member. Posts typically support stair landings, wall framing, mezzanines and other structures.
      
      
      1. Determine whether a vertical member is a column. If it is, check if it has the required 4 anchor rods/bolts. Remember that a post can have less than 4.
      
      
      
   3. Paragraph (a)(2) requires that columns be able to withstand a specified load.
      
      
      1. Check for unusually small bolts, insufficient length or failure.
      2. Request documentation of the design criteria from the contractor.
      
      
      
   4. Paragraph (a)(3) is intended to ensure that the column is properly set.
      
      
      1. If leveling nuts are used, make sure the weight of the column rests on all 4 nuts. If shims are used, look for loose shims or instances where only a few shims are supporting the load.
      
      
      
   5. Paragraph (a)(4) requires that a competent person evaluate the columns to determine whether guying or bracing is needed. If guying or bracing is needed, it must be provided. All columns need to be evaluated; in some instances the 4 anchor bolts/rods may not provide sufficient stability.
      
      
      1. Ask the contractor who their competent person is and ask the competent person if and how this evaluation was performed.
      
      
      
   6. Paragraph (b) requires that all anchor bolt/rod repairs be approved by the project structural engineer of record and that all such repairs be communicated in writing to the steel erector.
      
      
      1. Ask for a copy of the notification when it is suspected that anchorage bolts/rods have been damaged, repaired, replaced or field-modified.
   
   
   
7. BEAMS AND COLUMNS - §1926.756.
   
   
   1. Paragraph (c)(1): Double connections at columns and /or at beam webs over columns.
      
      
      1. Ask the steel erector's representative/competent person if the structure's design includes double connections at columns and/or beam webs over columns. If the answer is yes, you should observe the double connection operation.
         
         
      2. Ask the employer the following questions on how the connectors are being protected during this type operation:
         
         (1) Are the connectors able to maintain at least 1-bolt and nut at least wrench tight at a common connection hole at all times? Among the ways of doing this are to use clipped end connections or staggered connections.
         (2) If not, is the erector using seats or equivalent connection devices that were supplied with the member?
         (3) If a seat or equivalent device is used, is it attached to both the supporting member and the first member before the nuts on the shared bolts are removed?
         (4) If a seat or equivalent device is used, has it been adequately bolted or welded to both a supporting member and the first member before the nuts on the shared bolts are removed to make the double connection?
      
      
      
   2. Paragraph (d): Column splices.
      
      
      1. If a need arises to determine if column splices were designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 pounds located 18 inches from the extreme outer face of the column in each direction at the top of the column shaft, ask the project structural engineer of record.
      2. The perimeter columns must extend a minium of 48 inches above the finish floor and have holes or other devices attached to them at 42 - 45 inches above the finish floor (and also at the mid-point) to permit the installation of perimeter safety cables. If this requirement is not met, and the employer claims that constructibility does not allow meeting the requirement, ask the employer why constructibility does not allow this and what the employer is doing in the mean time to provide protection to the employees exposed to the perimeter.
   
   
   
8. OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS - §1926.757.
   
   Some of the most serious risks facing the ironworker are encountered during the erection of open web steel joists, particularly from landing loads on unbridged joists and improperly placing loads on joists.
   
   
   1. Questions to ask the steel erector and the ironworkers with regard to steel joists:
      
      
      1. What type of joists are you installing?
      2. What's the elevation?
      3. Are you installing joists in bays? If so, how many joists per bay and how many bays?
      4. What are the spans of the joists and are there different types of joists being installed?
      5. Are you familiar with the Steel Joist Institute and/or OSHA's requirements for the safe installation of steel joists?
      6. Can I see the steel erection drawings and can you explain the joist pattern?
      7. Are you following a site specific erection plan? If so, may I see a copy?
      8. How are you bracing/bridging the joists? Diagonal and/or horizontal?
      9. What bridging is required? What type of bridging is being used?
      10. When is the erection bridging installed and by whom is it installed?
      11. How much and what type of erection bridging is required by the plans?
      12. At what point during the installation process is the erection bridging installed?
      13. Is all the erection bridging designated in the drawings being installed? If not, why not?
      14. How are you lifting the joists?
      15. What are the qualifications of the crane operator?
      16. How are the joists rigged? Is a qualified rigger being used?
      17. Is the erection bridging installed before or after releasing the joist from the crane?
      18. How are the joists released from the crane? (Open hooks? Remote release? Ironworker walks the joists? From an aerial lift?)
      19. Are the joist connections bolted or welded? If welded, do welds meet the standard's requirements [.757(b)]?
      20. Are joists in bays of 40 feet or more bolted? If not, why not? If the employer claims that constructibility does not allow field-bolting, ask its basis for making that claim.
      21. What type of fall protection is being used during joist installation and during the installation of erection bridging?
      22. Are you setting joists in tandem?
      23. How are you securing your joists - are both sides of the seat at one end of the joist secured?
      24. Have there been any stability problems? Problems with anchor bolts or wall pockets?
      25. Have there been any change orders? May I see the change log (if kept)?
      26. Are you field bolting your joists at the columns?
      27. Are the columns framed in at least two directions?
      28. When landing joists, how are you securing them against accidental displacement?
      29. What kind of bridging terminus points are you using? Please identify them.
      30. Are you placing any loads on the joists? If so, what are they (e.g., bundles of bridging or deck or joists)? How much load is being placed on the joists and across how many joists is the load spread?
   
   
   
9. SYSTEMS-ENGINEERED METAL BUILDINGS - §1926.758.
   
   
   1. When performing an inspection on a systems-engineered metal building, be aware that all the requirements in subpart R apply to these structures except for §1926.755 (column anchorage) and §1926.757 (steel joist erection).
      
      
      1. Check column base plates for four anchor bolts/rods [§.758(b)]
      2. Check for any double connections on the structure and ensure that either a seat or similar connection device is being used for double connections.
      3. If joists are being installed, observe the operation to ensure that joists are fully bolted or welded prior to release of the hoisting cable, allowing an employee on the joists or placing any construction load on the joist.
   
   
   
10. FALLING OBJECT PROTECTION - §1926.759.
    
    
    1. Under paragraph (b), when it is necessary to have work performed below on-going steel erection activities (other than hoisting), effective overhead protection must be provided to those workers to prevent injuries from falling objects.
       
       
    2. If this protection is not provided, work by other trades is not to be permitted below steel erection work -- the controlling contractor must institute measures to keep employees out of the area below the steel erection activities.
       
       
       1. Check the site for unsecured materials, tools and equipment that are not in use [§.759(a)].
       2. If you see workers below where steel erection activities are being performed, ask some of the employees if they know of any tools or other materials that have fallen from the worksite above. If they have, look into what falling hazards are present and what has and is being done to protect the employees.
    
    
    
11. FALL PROTECTION - §1926.760.
    
    
    1. Paragraph (a): The first thing that needs to be determined is if the activity is covered by Subpart R (see §1926.750(b)) or by Subpart M.
       
       
       1. Ask the general contractor about their fall protection program and what they require their subcontractors to follow. Then ask the erectors. Check to see if the employers are effectively communicating and enforcing the standard. If the erector allows employees to work unprotected between 15 and 30 feet, make sure that the unprotected workers meet the connector definition or are working on the leading edge of a decking operation in a CDZ (see definitions of connector, leading edge, and controlled decking zone).
          
          
       2. Establish by observation and asking employees the following:
          
          (1) What fall protection system are you using?
          (2) Who are the connectors? (Note: Come-a-longs and chain-falls are not hoisting equipment, so employees cannot be considered connectors simply on the basis of using these to move steel into place.)
          (3) How often do you inspect your fall protection equipment?
          (4) For decking operations between 15 and 30 feet/2 stories, are you using fall protection or CDZs?
          (5) Are all employees over 30feet/2 stories protected by conventional fall protection?
       
       
       
    2. Paragraph (c): Controlled decking zone
       
       
       1. If the employer is using a CDZ between 15 and 30 feet/2 stories, observe the operation to determine if the employer is complying with the requirements of §1926.760(c).
       2. Physically inspect CDZ from outside the zone if possible. Measure the size and ask employees working in the zone about their training and what activities are performed in the zone.
       
       
       
    3. Paragraph (a)(2): Perimeter cables
       
       
       1. Look at the perimeter cables. Do they meet the criteria of §1926.502(g)? Are the perimeter cables being installed as soon as the metal decking is completed?
    
    
    
12. TRAINING - §1926.761.
    
    Section 1926.761 supplements §1926.21(b)(2) training requirements. Failure to train on hazards not covered by this section should be cited under §1926.21(b)(2) (for example: training on falling objects, bolting, impalement hazards from rebar). Subpart R does not require a certification that training has been conducted.
    
    
    1. Employees must be provided the training prior to exposure to the hazard.
       
       
       1. Ask the employer whether it trained the employees or relied on a third-party trainer. If a third-party trainer was used, ask how the employer determined that the training meets the standard.
       2. Subpart R does not include a testing requirement. However, an effective training program necessarily involves some means of determining whether the instruction was understood. Ask the employer how it makes this determination (this can be done in a variety of ways, such as formal oral, or written tests, observation, or through discussion). Also, ask employees about their training.
       
       
       
    2. Section (a): Requires that all training required by this section be provided by a qualified person.
       
       
    3. A qualified person, is defined in §1926.751 as one who by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or by extensive knowledge, training, and experience has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.

In the proposed rule, the controlling contractor would have had to provide the ASTM test results to the steel erector. The final rule has been changed to reflect that the controlling contractor must ensure that the test results are provided to the steel erector. This rephrasing will allow the controlling contractor to have a contractor familiar with the ASTM test methods perform the test and provide the results to the steel erector.